An animation of a rotationally symmetric ambigram for the word "ambigram".   Another ambigram for the word "ambigram" with different letter transformations from the ambigram above.   Early published ambigram by Mitchell T. Lavin in The Strand Magazine, June 1908

An ambigram is an art form that may be read as one or more words not only in its form as presented, but also from another viewpoint, direction, or orientation. The words readable in the other viewpoint, direction or orientation may be the same or different from the original words. Douglas R. Hofstadter describes an ambigram as a "calligraphic design that manages to squeeze two different readings into the selfsame set of curves." Different ambigram artists (sometimes called ambigramists) may create completely different ambigrams from the same word or words, differing in both style and form.

  Other names

Ambigrams have also been called, among other things:

• vertical palindromes (1965)^[1]
• designatures (1979)^[2]
• inversions (1980)^[3]
• FlipScript (2008)^[4]

  Discovery and popularity

The earliest known non-natural ambigram dates to 1893 by artist Peter Newell. Although better known for his children's books and illustrations for Mark Twain and Lewis Carroll, he published two books of invertible illustrations, in which the picture turns into a different image entirely when turned upside down. The last page in his book, Topsys & Turvys contains the phrase THE END, which, when inverted, reads PUZZLE. In Topsys & Turvys Number 2 (1902), Newell ended with a variation on the ambigram in which THE END changes into PUZZLE 2.

From June to September, 1908, the British monthly The Strand published a series of ambigrams by different people in its "Curiosities" column.^[5][6][7] Of particular interest is the fact that all four of the people submitting ambigrams believed them to be a rare property of particular words. Mitchell T. Lavin, whose "chump" was published in June wrote "I think it is in the only word in the English language which has this peculiarity," while Clarence Williams wrote, about his "Bet" ambigram, "Possibly B is the only letter of the alphabet that will produce such an interesting anomaly."

In 1969, Raymond Loewy designed the NEW MAN logo, which is still in use today.^[8][9] The DeLorean Motor Company logo was first used in 1975.^[10]

John Langdon and Scott Kim also each believed that they had invented ambigrams in the 1970s.^[11] Langdon and Kim are probably the two artists who have been most responsible for the popularization of ambigrams. John Langdon produced the first mirror image logo "Starship" in 1975. Robert Petrick, who designed the invertible Angel logo in 1976, was also an early influencer of early ambigrams. Robert Petrick was a friend and associate of John Langdon in the early 70's.

The earliest known published reference to the term "ambigram" was by Hofstadter, who attributed the origin of the word to conversations among a small group of friends during 1983–1984.^[12] The original 1979 edition of Hofstadter's Gödel, Escher, Bach featured two 3-D ambigrams on the cover.

Ambigrams became more popular as a result of Dan Brown incorporating John Langdon's designs into the plot of his bestseller, Angels & Demons, and the DVD release of the Angels & Demons movie contains a bonus chapter called "This is an Ambigram". Langdon also produced the ambigram that was used for some versions of the book's cover.^[11] Brown used the name Robert Langdon for the hero in his novels as an homage to John Langdon.^[13]

In music, the Grateful Dead have used ambigrams several times, including on their albums Aoxomoxoa and American Beauty respectively.

  Ambigram types

Ambigrams are exercises in graphic design that play with optical illusions, symmetry and visual perception. Some ambigrams feature a relationship between their form and their content. Ambigrams usually fall into one of several categories:

Rotational 

A design that presents several instances of words when rotated through a fixed angle. This is usually 180 degrees, but rotational ambigrams of other angles exist, for example 90 or 45 degrees. The word spelled out from the alternative direction(s) is often the same, but may be a different word to the initially presented form. A simple example is the lower-case abbreviation for "Down", dn, which looks like the lower-case word up when rotated 180 degrees.

Mirror-image 

A design that can be read when reflected in a mirror, usually as the same word or phrase both ways. Ambigrams that form different words when viewed in the mirror are also known as glass door ambigrams, because they can be printed on a glass door to be read differently when entering or exiting.

Figure-ground 

A design in which the spaces between the letters of one word form another word.

Chain 

A design where a word (or sometimes words) are interlinked, forming a repeating chain. Letters are usually overlapped meaning that a word will start partway through another word. Sometimes chain ambigrams are presented in the form of a circle.

Space-filling 

Similar to chain ambigrams, but tile to fill the 2-dimensional plane.

Spinonym 

An ambigram in which all the letters are made of the same glyph, possibly rotated and/or inverted. WEB is an example of a word that can easily be made into a spinonym. Previously called rotoglyphs or rotaglyphs.^[14]

Fractal 

A version of space-filling ambigrams where the tiled word branches from itself and then shrinks in a self-similar manner, forming a fractal. See Scott Kim's fractal of the word TREE for an animated example.

3-dimensional 

A design where an object is presented that will appear to read several letters or words when viewed from different angles. Such designs can be generated using constructive solid geometry.

Perceptual shift (also called an oscillation) 

A design with no symmetry but can be read as two different words depending on how the curves of the letters are interpreted.

Natural 

A natural ambigram is a word that possesses one or more of the above symmetries when written in its natural state, requiring no typographic styling. For example, the words "dollop", "suns" and "pod" form natural rotational ambigrams. In some fonts, the word "swims" forms a natural rotational ambigram. The word "bud" forms a natural mirror ambigram when reflected over a vertical axis. The words "CHOICE" and "OXIDE", in all capitals, form natural mirror ambigrams when reflected over a horizontal axis. The word "TOOTH", in all capitals, forms a natural mirror ambigram when its letters are stacked vertically and reflected over a vertical axis. See the article transformation of text for a discussion of letter symmetry.

Symbiotogram^{[citation needed]} 

An ambigram that, when rotated 180 degrees, can be read as a different word to the original, e.g., swoop and dooms.

Multi-lingual 

An ambigram that can be read one way in one language and another way in a different language. Multi-lingual ambigrams can exist in all of the various styles of ambigrams, with multi-lingual perceptual shift ambigrams being particularly striking.

• 

  Rotational ambigram, Vegas

• 

  Mirror-image ambigram, Wiki

• 

  Three-dimensional ambigram, ABC

• 

  Perceptual shift ambigram, Wave and Particle

• 

  Chain ambigram, in the form of a circle, ambigram

• 

  Spinonym, neun (German for nine)

• 

  A corporate logo with 4 fold rotational symmetry

  Creating ambigrams

There are no universal guidelines for creating ambigrams, and there are different ways of approaching problems. A number of books suggest methods for creation (including WordPlay^[15] and Eye Twisters^[16]).

Computerized methods to automatically create ambigrams have been developed. The earliest, the 'Ambimatic' created in 1996,^[17] was letter-based and used a database of 351 letter glyphs in which each letter was mapped to another.^[18] This generator could only map a word to itself or to another word that was the same length: because of this, most of the generated ambigrams were of poor quality.^[18] In 2007, the Glyphusion generator, was developed.^[17] It uses a more complex method,^[19] with a database of more than 400,000 curves,^[20] and has two lettering styles. ^[21]"Mirror" ambigram font designed and produced by Robert Petrick and published by MyFonts/Bitstream Inc.

  See also

• Anagram
• Gödel, Escher, Bach by Douglas Hofstadter
• Mirror writing
• Palindrome
• Strobogrammatic number

  References

  Further reading

• Borgmann, Dmitri A., Language on Vacation: An Olio of Orthographical Oddities, Charles Scribner's Sons (1965)
• Kim, Scott, Inversions: A Catalog of Calligraphic Cartwheels‎, Byte Books (1981, republished 1996)
• Hofstadter, Douglas R., "Metafont, Metamathematics, and Metaphysics: Comments on Donald Knuth's Article 'The Concept of a Meta-Font'" Scientific American (August 1982) (republished, with a postscript, as chapter 13 in the book Metamagical Themas)
• Langdon, John, Wordplay: Ambigrams and Reflections on the Art of Ambigrams, Harcourt Brace (1992, republished 2005)
• Hofstadter, Douglas R., Ambigrammi: Un microcosmo ideale per lo studio della creativita (Ambigrams: An Ideal Microworld for the Study of Creativity), Hopefulmonster Editore Firenze (1987) (in Italian)
• Polster, Burkard, Les Ambigrammes l'art de symétriser les mots, Editions Ecritextes (2003) (French)
• Polster, Burkard, Eye Twisters: Ambigrams, Escher, and Illusions (2007)
• Polster, Burkard, Eye Twisters: Ambigrams & Other Visual Puzzles to Amaze and Entertain, Constable (2007)

  External links

Look up ambigram in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Ambigrams

• Ambigram.com An active web site dedicated to this topic
• Ambigrams, Logos, Word Art by graphic artist John Langdon
• Advice on Ambigrams, John Langdon's tutorial for beginning ambigrammists
• Ambigrams & Fundae by ambigrammist & chaotician Nakul Bhalla
• Inversions by Scott Kim
• Ambigrams & Design by Cleber Faria
• Ambigramme.com by Basile Morin
• The story of the invertible symmetrical "Angel" logo and beyond by Robert Petrick
• Ambigrams and wordplay by Punya Mishra
• Ambigrams at the Open Directory Project
• Ambigramy a Oldřich Pošmurný - dozens of ambigrams
• lovehate by Alessandro Iannuzzo - lovehate ambigram logos
• Gallery by Alessandro Pocaterra 50 ambigrams
• customambigrams.com by graphic artist Clayton Mabey.
• goodandeviltwins.com by Ambigramist Damian Lakey.
• First ever font for creating mirror image Ambigrams by graphic artist Robert Petrick