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Optical discs
General Optical disc Optical disc drive Optical disc authoring Authoring software Recording technologies Recording modes Packet writing
Optical media types Blu-ray Disc (BD): BD-R & BD-RE Compact Disc (CD): Red Book, CD-ROM, CD-R, CD-RW, 5.1 Music Disc, Super Audio CD (SACD), Photo CD, CD Video (CDV), Video CD (VCD), Super Video CD (SVCD), CD+G, CD-Text, CD-ROM XA, Green Book (CD-i) DVD: DVD-R, DVD+R, DVD-R DL, DVD+R DL, DVD-R DS, DVD+R DS, DVD-RW, DVD+RW, DVD-RAM, DVD-D, DVD-A, HVD, EcoDisc Universal Media Disc (UMD) Enhanced Versatile Disc (EVD) Forward Versatile Disc (FVD) Holographic Versatile Disc (HVD) China Blue High-definition Disc (CBHD) HD DVD: HD DVD-R, HD DVD-RW, HD DVD-RAM High definition Versatile Multilayer Disc (HD VMD) VCDHD GD-ROM MiniDisc: MD, Hi-MD Laserdisc: LD, LD-ROM Video Single Disc (VSD) Ultra Density Optical (UDO) Stacked Volumetric Optical Disk (SVOD) Five dimensional disc (5D DVD) Nintendo optical disc (NOD)
Standards SFF ATAPI/MMC Mount Rainier (packet writing) Mount Fuji (layer jump recording) Rainbow Books File systems ISO 9660 Joliet Romeo Rock Ridge / SUSP El Torito Apple ISO 9660 Extensions Universal Disk Format (UDF) ISO 13490
See also History of optical storage media High definition optical disc format war

In January 2004, Sony announced the Hi-MD media storage format as a further development of the MiniDisc format.^[1] With its release in later 2004 came the ability to use newly-developed, high-capacity 1 gigabyte Hi-MD discs, sporting the same dimensions as regular MiniDiscs.

Contents 1 Main features 2 Data and audio on the same disc 3 Backward compatibility with standard MiniDiscs 4 Removal of restrictions 5 Native support for MP3 6 Hi-MD Photo 7 Upload of legacy MiniDiscs 8 Criticism 9 Marketing moves 10 See also 11 References

  Main features

• The ability to save non-audio data such as documents, videos and pictures
• Longer playback and recording times per disc
• The ability to record in lossless linear PCM, offering CD-quality audio. This completely eliminates compression artifacts that occur when recording directly to lossy audio formats such as Sony's ATRAC, or other formats like MP3, AAC, Windows Media Audio (WMA). (Previously only recording to ATRAC lossy codecs was possible.)
• The introduction of a new ATRAC3plus codec with new Hi-LP and Hi-SP bitrates
• Compatibility (and enhanced capabilities) with standard MiniDiscs

Hi-MD offers the choice of several codecs for audio recording: PCM, Hi-SP and Hi-LP, each selectable on the Hi-MD Walkman itself. PCM is the highest quality mode, followed by Hi-SP (the default mode), then Hi-LP.

• PCM mode allows 94 minutes (1 hour 34 min) of lossless CD-quality audio to be recorded to a 1 GB Hi-MD disc (or 28 minutes on a standard 80-minute MiniDisc recorded in Hi-MD mode).
• Hi-SP allows seven hours and fifty-five minutes (7h:55m) of audio to be recorded on a 1 GB Hi-MD (or 2h:20min on a standard 80-minute MiniDisc recorded in Hi-MD mode).
• Hi-LP allows 34 hours on a 1 GB Hi-MD (or 10 hours 10 minutes on a standard 80-minute MiniDisc recorded in Hi-MD mode).

Each of these codecs is available natively for recording on standalone Hi-MD devices. Additional bitrates are available with SonicStage software on the computer. Up to 45 hours of audio can be recorded per disc at the lowest-quality setting via SonicStage PC transfer.

All Hi-MD units have the ability to play back regular MiniDiscs. Most Hi-MD Walkmans also have the capability to record standard MiniDiscs in standard SP, LP2 and LP4 codecs in MD mode (as opposed to Hi-MD mode), ideal for creating discs intended to be played back in older (pre-Hi-MD) MiniDisc units.

  Data and audio on the same disc

Hi-MD discs offer the ability to store computer files in addition to audio data. For example, a Hi-MD disc could have both school or work documents, pictures, videos, etc. as well as music (playable in a Hi-MD Walkman) if desired.

When connected to a computer (via USB cable), a Hi-MD Walkman is seen as standard USB Mass Storage device, just like a USB stick or external hard drive. On a Windows computer, a Hi-MD device is listed as "Removable Disk" in "My Computer". The disc has a FAT filesystem. Hi-MD units are powered by the USB bus when connected—just like USB flash drives, they do not require additional power (and do not use their own battery power) when plugged in to a computer.

Sony's SonicStage music management software is not needed to save and manipulate files on the discs; it is only required to get playable audio on and off the device; all files are manipulated using standard operating-system functions. However, when SonicStage software is active, the recorder is not treated as a data storage device—SonicStage "takes over" the management of the device. This is necessary since SonicStage sends special Sony-SCSI-commands to the HiMD-device. Among these are some for reading/writing DRM-data, setting/getting the date on the device, erasing/formatting of the disc, control of audio-playback (PLAY/STOP/PAUSE/SCAN/SEARCH/SEEK) and reading defect-lists.

When connected to a PC, "PC--MD" appears on the Hi-MD device's display to indicate the unit is connected in PC—MD mode. In PC—MD mode, pressing Play on the unit, for example, results in "PC--MD" flashing, indicating this function cannot be activated from the device when connected to the computer. It is essentially a slave to the computer in this mode. PC—MD status is constant as long as the unit is connected via USB cable (regardless of whether SonicStage is running or not).

To play back Hi-MD audio data on the PC, SonicStage is needed. It can be done in two ways:

1. Launch SonicStage. Play audio from Hi-MD inside SonicStage. The audio is played back on the computer's PC speakers. SonicStage reads the audio data straight from the Hi-MD disc.
2. transfer the audio data to the PC in SonicStage. Play the audio back from the PC's hard drive (instead of playing it back from the Hi-MD unit directly).

Once the operation of transferring audio with SonicStage is completed, the audio itself can be saved in any number of ways (and audio formats). Saving audio in SonicStage in standard WAV format is a widely-accepted way to get the audio into many third-party applications like editors and sound analyzers. The user can then proceed to record CDs, edit the audio, archive to format of choice, etc.

  Backward compatibility with standard MiniDiscs

Hi-MD units can play back standard MiniDiscs recorded in non-Hi-MD units, in addition to record on standard MiniDiscs and higher-capacity 1 GB Hi-MD discs. There are two user-selectable operational modes on Hi-MD units (which Sony calls Disc Modes): MD mode and Hi-MD mode.

These are automatically selected whenever a disc with a recording on it is inserted. However, when a blank disc is inserted, the recorder will default to the user-selectable Disc Mode for any recordings made on it. The default Disc Mode on Hi-MD devices is Hi-MD mode, but it can be changed to MD mode if desired.

• MD mode is useful when intending to record on a standard MiniDisc using standard MD codecs for playback on devices that are not Hi-MD compatible. Data storage (and other benefits of Hi-MD mode) cannot be used in MD mode.
• Hi-MD mode is useful when the benefits of Hi-MD mode want to be used, such as increased capacity on standard MiniDiscs, new codec choices (PCM, Hi-SP, Hi-LP) and the ability to save data on the discs along with audio.

  Removal of restrictions

Since the release of SonicStage 3.4 (Sony's music-management program), virtually all computer audio transfer restrictions were removed, but only with compatible Hi-MD machines. These restrictions plagued earlier versions of SonicStage for some time. Sony started a big push to dispense with the DRM restrictions with the release of SonicStage version 3.2, released in July 2005. Version 3.4 dispensed with even more.

Some of these restrictions included:

• limited Hi-MD-to-computer digital transfers of recordings made from MIC and LINE IN inputs
• barring of Hi-MD-to-computer digital transfers of recordings made from a Hi-MD unit's OPTICAL or USB connection

Analogue Hi-MD-to-computer (and computer-to-Hi-MD) transfers were always possible with some quality loss and slower transfer (with appropriate cable), but these early restrictions on digital transfers via USB severely impacted the utility and ease-of-use of Hi-MD.

A side-effect of the removal of SonicStage restrictions is that the wording in many Sony Hi-MD user's manuals regarding "transfer authorizations" do not apply to users using SonicStage versions 3.2 and later. The ability to transfer Hi-MD audio to (and from) computer is now essentially unrestricted, unlike previous versions of the software.

One limit that still remains in current software is the inability to edit tracks on-disc that were transferred from SonicStage to a Hi-MD unit. Attempting to add or erase track marks on-unit from SonicStage-transferred tracks will result in "NO EDIT" (or similar message) being flashed on the unit. No such editing restrictions exist when transferring via optical cable or via LINE-IN.

Sony mention this limitation in their manuals as necessary to prevent "loss of transfer authorization" on the edited tracks. Considering these transfer authorizations are gone now, it seems possible for Sony to get rid of this limitation as well—so that users may add and erase track marks on their Hi-MD units whenever they please, despite them having been transferred from SonicStage.

The latest officially-downloadable release of SonicStage is SonicStage CP 4.3. It is available on the following Sony sites:

• Sony Europe

  Native support for MP3

In 2005, Sony released its second-generation Hi-MD devices offering native support for the popular MP3 format (earlier, SonicStage would transcode MP3 files to ATRAC format before recording on the disc). Transcoding files to lossy formats always results in lower quality sound.

Sony's MP3 file support still means that the MP3s themselves had to go through SonicStage to be put on the device, and could not just be copied on the discs outside of SonicStage as you can with data files on Hi-MD (or Hi-MD-formatted MiniDisc media). SonicStage 'wraps' (encrypts) the MP3 files on the disc (as it does with all audio that's playable in a Hi-MD device). Compared to ATRAC3- and PCM-Audio, however, the encryption for MP3s is very weak (XOR-Encryption with a key generated upon the discid of an HiMD). To many, the requirement of SonicStage for audio transfers has been a constant drawback.

  Hi-MD Photo

In 2005, Sony announced Hi-MD Photo.^[2]

The Sony MZ-DH10P Walkman was released to showcase the format. The unit offers a 1.3 megapixel digital camera and saves pictures to Hi-MD discs, but does not offer a microphone input to record live audio, as do most standard Hi-MD Walkmans. The unit was praised for its full-colour display and unique photo & music features, but met with limited market success.

  Upload of legacy MiniDiscs

In March 2006, Sony released the MZ-RH1 Hi-MD Walkman in Japan, which was later followed in other regions. With this unit, Sony enabled faster-than-realtime full digital transfers from standard MiniDiscs to the computer for the first time. Users with extensive MiniDisc collections, for example, could upload their recordings digitally faster than real-time via USB connection, just like Hi-MD recordings already offered.

One limitation is with transfers done from MiniDiscs recorded on NetMD devices. Recordings transferred from PC using OpenMG or SonicStage software are by design not transferable. (This limitation does not apply to recordings made with SimpleBurner software.) There is a rather difficult workaround to this restriction that involves TOC Cloning, whereby the TOC from a disc containing these restricted tracks is replaced by the TOC from a disc created using mic-in or line-in. Due to the technical difficulty of this technique (only a small number of units are capable of TOC Cloning, and some require mechanical manipulation), the practicality of TOC Cloning as a workaround is inherently low.

These digital transfers of standard (pre-Hi-MD) MiniDiscs are in addition to the essentially unrestricted Hi-MD transfers already available since the online availability of SonicStage 3.4 (and later).

With the MZ-RH1, Sony made tangible speed improvements to the device over previous generations of Hi-MD recorders. The result being that the transfer times to and from computer are—under certain circumstances—cut in half over previous models, but still noticeably slower than flash memory and hard drive-based portables, because of the nature of the Hi-MD magneto-optical system.

  Criticism

Criticisms of the Hi-MD format (nearly all apply to standard MiniDisc and NetMD, too):

Disc organisation limitations

Hi-MD units store non-audio information (such as start and end time of tracks) in the "system file" area of the disc. The system file is updated after any recording or edits on disc (like new recordings, moving track positions, adding tracks, removing tracks, track titling, etc.). For example, recording and then pressing "stop" on the unit will result in the unit saving any in-memory audio data to disc, then updating the "system file" area of the disc. "SYSTEM FILE WRITING" is commonly seen on the display of a Hi-MD unit at this time ("DATA SAVE" may appear instead, when edited track names, disc name, artist names, etc. are being saved). In both cases, it is at this point the recorder spends several seconds updating the system file area of the disc. Sony warns not to shock the unit at this time or remove the power to the unit because the entire recording can be 'lost' if the system file area is not written to or updated properly. To avert power-related problems when writing, the Hi-MD estimates whether the battery power is adequate in advance of any recording or editing taking place on the unit. "NotENOUGH POWER TO REC" and "NotENOUGH POWER TO EDIT" are two messages that may appear in the display when the recorder estimates the power to not be enough. Power-related problems are largely averted this way, but shocking the unit still may be an issue at this critical stage of writing.

Mechanical noise

Hi-MD units are mechanical devices, and as such, emit a noise intermittently. A disc is read (or written to) in bursts. This means that when recording (for example), the audio data is fed to a memory buffer first, then written to disc as that memory buffer is filled. The audible manifestation of this is that a spinning motor noise is heard for a short period, followed by a far longer period of silence. Then some spinning whir again, then silence. The cycle is repeated. The same applies to playback, only differently: a disc is spun faster than required for normal playback (to fill the memory buffer), then stops spinning and the audio information is emptied (played back) from memory normally. As the memory buffer depletes, the disc spins up again, maintaining the fill of the memory buffer, only to spin down the disc again (into silence). The buffer memory allows the disc to spin down completely most of the time, conserving battery life. However, during live recording operations with a microphone, this can be a problem. If the microphone is directly connected to the unit (i.e. directly connected to the MIC jack without a wire), or simply close enough with a fairly quiet background, this intermittent motor noise can be audibly present in the recording—if some basic precautions are not taken. This contrasts with flash-based recorders with no moving parts for recording, which are able to record in silence with no self-noise.

Storage capacity

Relatively small storage capacity (1 GB per disc) compared to hard drives and some recent flash-based digital audio players. However Hi-MD's recording methods offer a large supplement to this as recordings can range from 94 minutes (44.1 kHz Linear PCM) to 45 hours (48 kbit/s ATRAC3plus).

Slow transfer rates when transferring audio (and data) to and from the computer

Most Hi-MD units offer far lower speeds than flash memory-based and hard drive-based devices.

Miniaturization constraints

Flash memory-based units are not limited in their miniaturization by the physical dimensions of a Hi-MD. However the latest (and possibly the last) portable Hi-MD model, the MZ-RH1 is broadly similar in volume to many voice recorders (which usually do not offer PCM recording) and is smaller than other professional recorders such as Sony's own PCM-D50.

  Marketing moves

In 2006, Sony positioned Hi-MD as a Digital Audio Tape (DAT) alternative, placing the MZ-M200 Hi-MD Walkman under the Pro Audio section of its "Broadcast & Business Solutions Company" website, alongside its flash memory-based recorder, the PCM-D1.^[3] Digital Audio Tape (DAT) is a high-quality digital tape format that found a niche with musicians and studios, and is valued for its high-quality sound reproduction. DAT portables have commonly been used for field recording, but have gradually been replaced by solid-state and hard drive-based units like the Aaton Cantar, the Zaxcom Deva, and similar units from Fostex and Sound Devices. (Sony and Fostex ceased manufacturing DAT devices at the end of 2005, though parts and blank tapes should be available through 2010.)

The MZ-M200 Walkman is Sony's MZ-RH1 with a powered stereo microphone included. The MZ-RH1 is targeted to a more general customer on Sony's consumer electronics sites and comes with no microphone bundle. The microphone is included to enable Hi-MD as a field recorder, and the higher price reflects the added value of the microphone.

While MD had success in Asia (particularly in Japan and Hong Kong), North America and Europe leaned toward either flash or hard drive-based systems. For professional recording, many offer features such as professional XLR microphone inputs, among other pro-centric features. These units are typically significantly larger and heavier than a Hi-MD Walkman, often with reduced battery life and higher prices. It's for these reasons Hi-MD fills a niche for high-quality recording and editing purposes in a compact size—and still remains a quality playback device. Stealth recordists, in particular, may continue to favour Hi-MD, although recently^[when?] newer, relatively inexpensive flash memory based portable field recorders (examples include the Edirol R-09HR and the Olympus LS-10) are becoming available that may even reduce Hi-MD's preference in this market.^{[citation needed]}

In 2006, Hi-MD Walkman models released were the MZ-RH1 and MZ-M200. These units were designed with a particular focus on ease-of-recording, and have received a positive reception from many recording enthusiasts.

  See also

• MiniDisc
• Walkman
• Sonicstage

  References

Audio recording formats Analog Phonautogram (1857) Phonograph cylinder (1877) Gramophone record (1894) Wire recording (1898) Sound-on-film (1919) Reel-to-reel tape (1940s) SoundScriber (1945) Gray Audograph (1945) Dictabelt (1947) LP record (1948) 45 rpm record (1949) On-the-ribs recordings (late 1940s) RCA tape cartridge (1958) Fidelipac (1959) Stereo-Pak (1962) Compact Cassette (1963) 8-track (1964) PlayTape (1966) Mini-Cassette (1967) Microcassette (1969) Steno-Cassette (1971) Elcaset (1976) Cassette single (1980) Picocassette (1985) Digital Soundstream (1976) X80/ProDigi (1980) Compact Disc (1982) DASH (1982) Digital Audio Tape (1987) ADAT (1991) MiniDisc (1992) NT (1992) Digital Compact Cassette (1992) DA-88 (1993) High Definition Compatible Digital (1995) 5.1 Music Disc (1997) Super Audio CD (1999) DVD-Audio (2000) USB flash drive (as audio format) (2004) Hi-MD (2004) slotMusic (2008) BD-Audio (2008)

Optical storage media CD (1982): CD-R (1988) CD-RW (1997) DVD (1995): DVD-RW (1999) DVD+RW (2001) DVD+R (2002) DVD+R DL (2004) DVD-R DL (2005) Other: Microform (1870) Optical tape (20th century) Optical disc (20th century) Laserdisc (1978) UDO (2003) ProData (2003) UMD (2004) HD DVD (2006) Blu-ray Disc (2006) Magneto-optic Kerr effect (1877): MO disc (1980s) MiniDisc (1992) Hi-MD (2004) Optical Assist: Laser turntable (1986) Floptical (1991) Super DLT (1998)